I include this as an illustration of the
Indian tendency to see the divine in the world rather than separate from it.
This relief is sculpted into a large stone monolith, on an impressive scale.
It depicts a mythical account of the origin of the Ganges River, which descends
from heaven (or from the Himalayas) as a divinity while the whole world, animal
and human alike, participates. River divinities in India are frequently
personified (if that word can be so applied) as nagas--serpents modeled
on India's native cobras. Such myths tend to be understood
far less literally, and much more metaphorically, than our myths in the West.
This also shows how much less anthropomorphic Indian conceptions of God are than
those held in the West, where Abraham's legacy has saddled us with an angry
divinity made very much in man's image, separate from the world, and
dissatisfied with its fallen state, which he ultimately promises to terminate in
a fiery apocalypse.
It is important to note that the Indian
philosophical notions just mentioned have not translated into a healthy
relationship between Indians and their environment; it is unfortunately true
that India's environment is being rapidly degraded by uncontrolled population
growth, industrialization, and all the ills typical of a poor, developing
country. For that matter, the usual mode of religiosity exhibited in an
Indian village is---like the average mode of religiosity in the United
States---full of superstition, irrationality, and bigotry. My point,
therefore, is not to hold up Hinduism as some kind of pure and benevolent
religious belief; rather, it is to note the kernel of a vital idea present in
Hinduism, as well as in Buddhism and Taoism: namely, a view that recognizes
divinity in the world itself, rather than personifying it as something separate
from the world. Or, to speak more clearly, to dispose of the idea of an
ultimately real divinity---to reverence the given world and its underlying
structure, rather than mythical deities created by the human imagination.